Daniel Moya was raised by his grandparents on Pojoaque Pueblo, but they didn’t talk a lot about family history. He knew that his great-grandfather, Antonio Tapia, had attended the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania in the late 19th century. He knew that Tapia had left New Mexico because of hard times and the lack of opportunity at home. But he didn’t know much more, including his great-grandfather’s Tewa name.
And he certainly knew nothing about his ancestor’s time at the boarding school.
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